10 errores que se deben evitar al elegir una ubicación de fabricación

Elegir la ubicación adecuada para una planta de fabricación no es solo una decisión geográfica. Es una decisión estratégica que impacta directamente en la eficiencia operativa, los costos logísticos, la capacidad de respuesta al mercado y la sostenibilidad del negocio a largo plazo.

A pesar de su importancia, muchas empresas caen en errores comunes que terminan costándoles tiempo, dinero y competitividad. Estos son 10 errores que deben evitarse al seleccionar una ubicación de fabricación:

1. Ignorar los costos logísticos totales

Seleccionar una ubicación con costos laborales bajos pero lejos de los mercados de destino puede elevar significativamente los costos de transporte y tiempo de entrega. Considera el costo total de propiedad, no solo los salarios.

2. Pasar por alto la estabilidad política y regulatoria

Una zona con políticas inestables, cambios fiscales frecuentes o riesgos geopolíticos puede poner en jaque la operación. Evalúa la seguridad jurídica y los tratados comerciales vigentes.

3. No analizar la infraestructura local

Carreteras, puertos, aeropuertos, telecomunicaciones y acceso a energía confiable son esenciales. Una buena ubicación con infraestructura deficiente puede volverse un cuello de botella.

4. Subestimar la disponibilidad de talento

¿Hay mano de obra calificada para tus procesos? ¿Existen centros de formación técnica cercanos? La escasez de talento puede frenar la operación o elevar los costos por capacitación.

5. Desestimar factores culturales y sociales

Las normas culturales, los sindicatos, las expectativas salariales y hasta los horarios laborales varían mucho entre regiones. Estos factores impactan la productividad y la relación con el personal.

6. No considerar el riesgo climático

Inundaciones, huracanes, terremotos o incendios forestales: el riesgo climático es una variable crítica en un contexto de cambio climático global. Analiza la resiliencia de la zona.

7. Evaluar solo el presente, no el futuro

Una ubicación ideal hoy podría no serlo en cinco años. Considera tendencias como relocalización (reshoring), nearshoring, digitalización o automatización y su impacto geográfico.

8. Falta de alineación con la estrategia de cadena de suministro

La ubicación debe responder a la estrategia de abastecimiento, distribución y servicio al cliente. No tomes la decisión de forma aislada.

9. Depender exclusivamente de incentivos fiscales

Aunque atractivos, los incentivos fiscales deben ser el complemento, no el argumento principal. Si se eliminan, la operación debe seguir siendo viable.

10. No hacer una evaluación multicriterio y basada en datos

Elegir basándose en intuición o presión política puede llevar al fracaso. Utiliza herramientas de análisis multicriterio (costos, riesgos, accesos, talento, etc.) y simulación para tomar decisiones informadas.

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