Justo después del amanecer del 22 de mayo, Facebook alcanzó otro hito emocionante e importante en el proyecto Aquila –completamos exitosamente nuestro segundo vuelo a escala real de la aeronave–. Esta voló por 1 hora y 46 minutos y aterrizó a la perfección en nuestro sitio designado.
Para poder lanzar la aeronave antes del amanecer, que ese día fue a las 5.15 a. m., estábamos en la entrada del Campo de Pruebas Yuma (YPG) en Arizona desde las 12.30 a. m. Mientras que unos miembros de nuestro equipo empezaban a abrir el hangar y levantaban la aeronave hasta su base de despegue, el resto de nosotros preparábamos las estaciones de control en tierra e ingeniería. Prácticamente todos revisamos las predicciones sobre vientos, constantemente.
El segundo vuelo de Aquila tuvo en cuenta todas las lecciones aprendidas durante nuestro primer vuelo. Antes de este, incorporamos una serie de cambios a Aquila que incluyeron:
La adición de spoilers a las alas, que incrementan resistencia y la propulsión en el acercamiento al aterrizaje.
Incorporamos cientos de sensores para recolectar más datos
Modificamos el software de piloto automático
Integramos nuevos radios al subsistema de comunicaciones
Cubrimos la aeronave con un acabado más liso
Instalamos un mecanismo de detención del propulsor horizontal para poder tener un aterrizaje exitoso.
A las 5-27 a. m., cuando el sol estaba apenas encima del horizonte comprobamos que la aeronave pasara todas nuestras verificaciones anteriores al vuelo: los vínculos de radio (redundantes tanto para la carga como descarga y con ancho de banda extra) eran funcionales, las superficies de control y los spoilers estaban libres y eran correctos y los cuatro motores respondían adecuadamente a los comandos.
Tras completar nuestra lista de verificación anterior al vuelo, nuestra corta espera fue premiada con poco viento medido y poco viento en las predicciones del clima. Un breve sondeo de nuestros pilotos e ingenieros nos dio luz verde para el lanzamiento. La velocidad de despegue estuvo calculada en 43.45 km/h, lo que notificamos a nuestro remolque. El equipo observó de cerca todas las pantallas, esperando la seña que confirmara que el piloto automático hubiera tomado el control y que la aeronave ya estaba subiendo, lejos de su base de despegue.
El lanzamiento fue normal. También se hizo evidente prontamente que todos los sistemas funcionaban normalmente: la corriente del motor, el seguimiento a la velocidad del aire, los indicadores de dirección, vínculos de radio y GPS diferenciales mostraban todos comportamientos normales. La única sorpresa que tuvimos fue del tipo alegre: la tasa de ascenso –54.86 mt/s– fue casi el doble de la de nuestro primer vuelo, lo que atribuimos a los múltiples ajustes de Aquila –puntualmente el acabado más liso– que implementamos desde el primer vuelo.
Así, continuamos nuestro ascenso hasta los 914 metros, esperando todas las señas que mostraban el buen estado de la aeronave antes de que esta excediera nuestro rango de vuelo planeado. Con todas las telemetrías “en negro”, continuamos subiendo. Por diseño, Aquila se toma su tiempo: asciende lentamente, desciende incluso más lento y cuando vuela con el viento no lo hace a más de 16-22 km/h respectivo al suelo. Hemos diseñado Aquila de esta forma porque su fin es quedarse en la misma zona por largos periodos de tiempo proveyendo acceso a internet. Aquila se alimenta de energía solar y es extremadamente eficiente –funciona con la electricidad equivalente de tres secadores de pelo–.
El segundo vuelo se trataba solo acerca de datos. Volamos para surtir largas pruebas a una velocidad, inclinación y altitud constantes para medir la resistencia de la aeronave. Los datos de estos “trim shots”, como los llamamos, serán usados para refinar nuestros modelos aeronáuticos, lo que nos ayuda a predecir mejor el consumo energético y, así, optimizar el uso de nuestras baterías y la ubicación de los paneles solares. También instrumentamos extensamente la estructura del avión, agregando cientos de sensores a este para entender cómo la forma de Aquila responde al vuelo en tiempo real. Estos incluyendo cientos de medidores de esfuerzo y tres ejes de medición de inercia (IMU). Estas herramientas nos sirven para verificar y refinar nuestro modelo estructural, lo que predice la firma estática de la aeronave –además, diseñada para ser muy flexible y responder tanto a los vientos como a las maniobras–.
Durante todo el vuelo, continuamos monitoreando la resistencia creada por los nuevos spoilers de Aquila en diferentes ángulos. Estos spoilers son estructuras móviles en el ala de una nave que le permiten incrementar la resistencia para reducir la velocidad y la propulsión. También probamos la fuerza de señal de los dos vínculos radio desde varios puntos angulares.
Después de probar el algoritmo de aterrizaje con una versión elevada, hemos puesto la nave a hacerlo de forma completa, y exitosa, en el lugar designado.
Aquila no tiene un mecanismo de aterrizaje en el sentido tradicional. En cambio, aterriza sobre bases de Kevlar unidas a la parte baja de las cápsulas del motor. Nuestro razonamiento para esto se debe a dos razones: primero, aterrizamos a una velocidad respecto al suelo y nos acercamos al suelo de forma muy lenta, para que podamos disminuir el peso y la resistencia en las riostras y ruedas; y, segundo, porque mucho del peso de la aeronave está concentrado en las cápsulas del motor, pues es acá que están instaladas las baterías. Una vez las baterías han tocado suelo, detener el descenso del resto de la aeronave no representa un gran esfuerzo para la estructura.
Para la base de aterrizaje creamos un círculo de 152 metros de gravilla de unos 15 centímetros de profundidad con la consistencia de arena gruesa. El vuelo de Aquila es autónomo salvo por intervenciones manuales, como las necesarias para alinearse con el viento. Por lo tanto, justo antes del aterrizaje, el equipo de vuelo carga un plan de aterrizaje basado en la dirección del viento para que la aeronave aterrice con el viento y respetando el límite de vientos cruzados.
Al aterrizar Aquila sigue un camino de descenso con inclinación de 3 grados que empieza en el aire y termina en el piso. Una característica de este tipo de aeronaves es la baja resistencia –es la única forma posible de volar con la energía limitada que provee la luz solar–. Pero mientras la resistencia es el archienemigo del vuelo, ella es la primera aliada del aterrizaje. Los spoilers que agregamos a la aeronave son controlados por el piloto automático. Cuando este siente que la nave excede la inclinación, cierra los spoilers. Cuando siente que está pode debajo, los abre más. Mientras tanto, como durante todo el vuelo, el piloto automático sube y baja su punta usando elevons, que ayudan a incrementar o reducir la velocidad de vuelo.
A unos segundos del aterrizaje, el piloto automático detiene los motores del avión y los bloquea automáticamente. Se bloquean así para evitar dañarlos durante el aterrizaje. Todos los motores están detenidos, pero solo uno de los propulsores está horizontal. La aeronave hizo contacto gentilmente en la superficie de aterrizaje y se detuvo en unos 10 metros. Fue absolutamente perfecto. Igual que cuando se conduce un auto en gravilla, aterrizar la aeronave en este material causa apenas unos pocos y fáciles de reparar rayones. En todos los otros aspectos, Aquila aterrizó en la mejor forma.
Desde nuestra estación de ingeniería, en las cercanías, el equipo de Aquila vimos una transmisión de video que nos mostraba la vista desde el aire, tomada por nuestro helicóptero de seguimiento. Tuvimos asientos de primera fila para ver a la aeronave deslizarse suavemente hasta la quietud en una nube de polvo –y ver a la estación de ingeniería levantarse en aplausos–. Después del aterrizaje de Aquila, el equipo de YPG informalmente bautizó el área de aterrizaje como “Playa Aquila” –¡nombre que nosotros estuvimos orgullosos de adoptar!–.
Sobra decir que el equipo entero estaba sumamente feliz con estos resultados. Nuestro objetivo de conectar a la gente con aeronaves de vuelo a gran altitud y con energía solar es valiente, pero hitos como el marcado por este vuelo hace que meses de arduo trabajo valgan la pena. Por eso, es particularmente gratificante, que las mejoras hechas según el desempeño de Aquila en su primer vuelo hicieran una diferencia significativa en este segundo vuelo.
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Spit Du Heng, whose eyelids were twitching, was anxious.Tao Bureau, I ve settled everything here, and I m going to set off again tomorrow.
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The chopsticks in her hand kept banging the food in front of her.To solve this problem, we must solve this man s problem.
Pavilion and Sappanth can activate and harmonize the blood, and can enter the five meridians of the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney.Liao Quansheng said with a crooked mouth, I guess so.
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Secondly, although I am somewhat famous now, I am still young after all, and there is really no way to find someone who can cure me.
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Gu Ruoyi looked up at the second floor. When the maid came out of Bai Feifei s room, she pretended to be full and wanted to go back to the room to rest I m full, so I ll go up first and keep my eyes out of the way.
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