El A340 utilizado para las pruebas de demostración de flujo laminar “BLADE” de Airbus (el A340-300 MSN001) ha completado con éxito su vuelo inaugural en el marco del proyecto “Blade” de Clean Sky, patrocinado por la UE. El aparato, conocido como el “Flight Lab” (Laboratorio Volador), despegó del aeropuerto de Tarbes en el sur de Francia a las 11:00 hora local y, tras una serie de satisfactorios ensayos, aterrizó en las instalaciones de Airbus en Toulouse Blagnac. La duración total del vuelo fue de 3 horas y 38 minutos.
El objetivo del proyecto Blade “Breakthrough Laminar Aircraft Demonstrator in Europe” es analizar la viabilidad de introducir esta tecnología en la aviación comercial con el ánimo de mejorar la huella medioambiental de la aviación y lograr al mismo tiempo una reducción del 50% del rozamiento alar y de hasta un 5% en emisiones de CO2. El A340 Flight Lab de Airbus es el primer avión de ensayos del mundo con un ala de flujo laminar transónico y una verdadera estructura primaria interna.
El avión va dotado en su exterior de dos alas externas representativas de flujo laminar transónico, mientras que en el interior de la cabina lleva instalada una estación especializada de instrumentación de ensayos en vuelo (FTI) altamente compleja. Las extensas modificaciones realizadas en este A340-300 de ensayos exigieron 16 meses de dedicación de un equipo de trabajo en Tarbes, que pudo contar con el apoyo de numerosos socios industriales de toda Europa. El vuelo inaugural de hoy marca el inicio de la campaña de ensayos en vuelo Blade para explorar las características del ala en vuelo.
“Empezamos abriendo la envolvente de vuelo para verificar el correcto comportamiento del avión”, explica el ingeniero de ensayos en vuelo Philippe Seve, quien participó en el vuelo. “Conseguimos nuestro objetivo de volar al número Mach de diseño a una altitud razonable y comprobar que todo iba bien. También comprobamos que la instrumentación de ensayos en vuelo funcionaba según lo previsto para poder afinarla para los siguientes vuelos”.
En la puesta a punto para esta fase de ensayos en vuelo, un pequeño equipo de 10 pilotos, ingenieros e ingenieros de ensayos en vuelo especialmente entrenados se había estado preparando durante varios meses para este momento, ensayando en un simulador y familiarizándose con los sistemas de la FTI que se iban a instalar en el avión. De la instalación de la FTI dentro del avión se encargó un equipo de 70 personas, mientras que equipos alemanes de Bremen, y británicos de Broughton se ocuparon de las alas externas, y otro alemán de Stade de la instalación de un receptáculo con cámaras infrarrojas en el estabilizador vertical.
En las alas hay cientos de puntos para la medición de las ondulaciones de la superficie, para que los ingenieros de Airbus puedan establecer su influencia sobre el flujo laminar, siendo esta la primera vez que Airbus ha utilizado un método de prueba de este tipo en un avión. Otras ‘primicias’ han sido el uso de cámaras de infrarrojos en un receptáculo para medir la temperatura del ala, y el generador acústico para medir la influencia de la acústica en el flujo laminar. Además, lleva un innovador sistema reflectómetro que mide la deformación global en tiempo real durante el vuelo.
Uno de los principales objetivos de Blade es medir las tolerancias e imperfecciones que puede haber presentes sin que se pierda la laminaridad. Con este objeto, Airbus simulará de una forma controlada cada tipo de imperfección de tal manera que al final de la campaña se puedan conocer perfectamente las tolerancias para la construcción de un ala de flujo laminar. El Flight Lab realizará unas 150 horas de vuelo en los próximos meses.
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