Con frecuencia, a la tecnología le lleva muchos años abrirse paso del laboratorio a los hogares de la gente común. Sin embargo, en el caso de la tecnología Quantum Dot con la que cuentan los televisores Samsung QLED, sólo transcurrieron cerca de 30 años para que esto sucediera. Parece mucho tiempo, pero es realmente poco si no conocemos los antecedentes históricos.
En realidad, la historia de los puntos cuánticos no es tan breve. Se remonta a muchos años atrás, hasta la creación de las ventanas de vitrales — en el siglo I d.C. Es así que los humanos hemos estado aprovechando el poder de las nanopartículas — elemento central de los puntos cuánticos que acciona las imágenes sorprendentes del televisor QLED — durante mucho, pero mucho tiempo. Retrocedamos y veamos uno de los ejemplos más antiguos: las majestuosas ventanas de vitrales que datan del siglo I d.C.
¿Cómo funcionan los vitrales?
Los vitrales han existido por más de 1000 años— ¡definitivamente mucho más que el televisor QLED! En especial, los vitrales se usaban como medio de expresión artística, que se encontraba comúnmente en las iglesias europeas, durante la Edad Media. Los artistas medievales que incursionaban en la alquimia mezclaban el cloruro de oro y plata con vidrio fundido, para crear tintes rojos y amarillos que brillaban espectacularmente con la luz del sol. Cuando la luz tocaba el vitral, las nanopartículas de cloruro actuaban como puntos cuánticos, reflejando una magnífica variedad de luces rojas y amarillas en esa zona del espectro de colores.
Entonces, ¿qué tiene que ver eso con el televisor QLED?
Bueno, las creaciones sensacionales de vitrales que se encuentran en las catedrales europeas, son uno de los primeros ejemplos de la aplicación de nanopartículas similares a los puntos cuánticos por artistas humanos. Los óxidos y cloruros metálicos que se encuentran en los vitrales reaccionan con la luz de una manera similar a la de los puntos cuánticos. 1 Dichas nanopartículas tomaron un papel fundamental en la creación del fascinante efecto de estas obras clásicas de arte. Y las mismas nanopartículas — aunque mejoradas — se encuentran en las pantallas de los televisores QLED, brindando las imágenes vívidas con las que la nueva línea de Samsung está siendo reconocida.
Cómo trabajan los puntos cuánticos y cuáles son sus efectos
Mucho después de que los artistas alquimistas medievales descubrieran el método de incorporar químicamente cloruros en el vidrio, los científicos modernos empezaron a descubrir un fenómeno relacionado, casi por accidente. Al fracturar materiales con propiedades semiconductoras en partículas nanométricas — sólo ligeramente mayores que las moléculas de agua — se descubrieron otras propiedades interesantes. El tamaño ajustado de las partículas afecta el color de la emisión de luz, como resultado del cambio en la energía de banda prohibida. De este modo, al controlar el tamaño de un punto cuántico con incrementos diminutos, el espectro de colores puede expresarse en forma más plena y pura.
¿No es sorprendente que el proceso para controlar las nanopartículas para que produzcan colores asombrosos se haya refinado tanto, que ahora podamos encontrar puntos cuánticos en un televisor moderno? Hoy podemos apreciar imágenes impresionantes gracias a los puntos cuánticos de los televisores QLED, tanto como en las increíbles luces de los paneles de vitrales en las catedrales más importantes del mundo.
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