Por Mesve Vardar, directora de Industrial Design en Humanscale.
El diseño sustentable ha tenido un crecimiento constante debido a varios factores como el aumento de la demanda de los consumidores y organizaciones por contar con productos suficientemente resistentes para durar un largo periodo de tiempo. El mercado también busca productos que incorporen materiales renovables, biodegradables y reciclables.
Para conseguirlo, los procesos de manufactura tienen que adoptar el enfoque “Ciclo de Vida”. Este ciclo considera el impacto ambiental asociado a todas las etapas de la vida de un producto desde la extracción de la materia prima, la fabricación y el uso hasta su eliminación o reciclado. Considerando todo el ciclo, permite al Estudio de Diseño optimizar los diseños y tomar mejores decisiones de producción sostenible.
Por ejemplo, el Estudio de Diseño de Humanscale, empresa pionera y líder en la fabricación de productos ergonómicos para el confort en el trabajo utiliza un proceso por etapas. La sustentabilidad es incorporada en cada paso, con una revisión de calidad sistemática en cada etapa de los procesos:
1. Investigación y desarrollo: Esta etapa define el objetivo y el alcance del proyecto. La exploración es realizada para generar definiciones breves, y confirmar un caso de negocio para el proyecto. Aquí hacemos una investigación exhaustiva para asegurarnos de que comprendemos a los usuarios y a todos los interesados que podrían verse afectados por nuestros productos. Esta es una oportunidad para encontrar soluciones simples y elegantes, reduciendo o consolidando cambios y desarrollando productos que puedan ser de valor para los usuarios. Al final de esta etapa, se fijan las expectativas del producto, incluyendo las metas de sustentabilidad.
2. Diseño: En este punto, la exploración esta lista para generar conceptos bien estructurados. Las soluciones innovadoras son exploradas usando prototipos y maquetas. Los conceptos están redefinidos para consolidar partes y mejoras, para optimizar el material y la energía usada, y para satisfacer las necesidades funcionales del producto de manera eficiente. El concepto final es escogido y hecho realidad. El material preliminar, proceso y ensamblaje se llevan a cabo. Se determina también el proceso de desarme para reciclar. Al final de esta etapa, se hace una evaluación inicial del ciclo de vida de los productos para identificar donde residen los impactos más significativos.
3. Ingeniería: Esta etapa prepara el producto para la producción masiva. El material, el proceso y las alternativas para el ensamblaje se toman en cuenta. El método de desarme y reciclaje es confirmado. Para el final de esta etapa, se identifica en qué parte del ciclo el impacto es más significativo y el proyecto es evaluado en contraposición a los principios de sustentabilidad fijados en la etapa de investigación y desarrollo.
4. Pre Producción: En esta etapa se trabaja sobre las fases de producción para hacer un producto consistente que cumpla con todos los requerimientos funcionales. El material final, los procesos y ensamble del producto son confirmados. El empaquetado es especificado y se elige el método de transportación. Se confirma que el producto también cumpla con las normas estándares y los requisitos de durabilidad. Se realiza una evaluación simplificada del ciclo de vida para identificar dónde es más significativo el impacto. El proyecto se evalúa comparándolo con los principios establecidos en el primer escenario.
5. Producción masiva: En esta etapa ya hemos escogido y evaluado el producto dentro del primer año de producción. Si encontramos que un nuevo material ha sido beneficioso, capturamos esa información en una biblioteca centralizada, para que eso pueda ser utilizado en otros proyectos. Toda la documentación es revisada para mostrar qué aspectos fueron más efectivos y cuáles fueron menos necesarios. Esto nos lleva a una mejora continua para la sustentabilidad en proyectos futuros.
Todos los proyectos, tanto del equipo interno como los socios externos del estudio de diseño cumplen las mismas etapas y se mantienen con los mismos requisitos de sustentabilidad. Además, las directrices generales de sustentabilidad se aplican en todas las categorías de productos. Resulta clave que todos los documentos de trabajo que se han realizado en cada etapa estén actualizados con el objetivo de capturar las metas de sustentabilidad, monitorear los progresos y validar y los objetivos han sido logrados.
Por último, los materiales específicos, los procesos y la información de cada proyecto se archiva en una locación central y sirve para ser implementada en proyectos futuros.
Con los cambios que la ley federal establece, los productores y procesadores de alimentos están en primera línea aceptando una responsabilidad significativa por la inocuidad de los alimentos.
Para facilitar el transporte y control de mercancía, en punto de venta y almacén, es necesario que las empresas piensen en implementar sistemas de control dentro de sus procesos de trabajo y operación.
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